Part of “Complexity Theory,” a column on the tangled questions of our technological age. “Addressing algorithmic bias is like hygiene,” she told me. “You don’t brush once, you don’t floss once, you do ...

“Imagine a computation that produces a new bit of information in every step, based on the bits that it has computed so far. Over t steps of time, it may generate up to t new bits of information in ...

Complexity theory is a fundamental branch of theoretical computer science that categorises computational problems according to their inherent difficulty and the resources required to solve them. At ...

The mathematics of symmetry, also known as group theory, is widely used as a tool in the solution of complex problems in many areas of theoretical physics, including string theory. A sequence of ...

A new theory could bring a way to make quantum algorithm development less of an accidental process, say scientists. In 2019, Google claimed it was the first to demonstrate a quantum computer ...

Complexity theory remains one of the great unsolved mathematical puzzles. Kenneth Regan is trying to figure it out. Kenneth Regan paused at lunch in New York to glance at incoming texts from top ...